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lUME 



The Superlatively 
Italian City 




ITALIAN 

SLAV 

MAGYAR 



26,000 

I 2,000 

6.4-00 



^ 



By 

HENRY L HAZELTON 

817 Nm-th Dearborn St., Chicagm 

1929 



H^sn^ 



|0» CONGRESS 



FIUME 



FOREWORD 

IT IS not Italy which demands Fiume, but Fiume which 
demands annexation to Italy for the protection of its 
own interests, and to meet the wishes of its citizens, com- 
posed for the greater part of Italians, as the following graphic 
statistics will show. Even before the Italian troops entered 
the city, the National Council of Fiume, in an extraordinary 
session held on October 30, 1918, voted voluntarily for the 
annexation of the city to the kingdom of Italy. 

€|| At a plebiscite held in the following November the popu- 
lation of Fiume, taking advantage of the principle *. ^ self- 
determination propounded by President Wilson, ratified ^e 
decision of the National Council, and reasserted its decision 
to be united to the mother country, Italy. 

^ The Italian government in view of this signal example of 
self-determination could not refuse to second the wish of the 
city of Fiume, and ever with due regard to the principle pro- 
fessed by President Wilson, it asked the Peace Conference 
for the annexation of Fiume to Italy. 

^ The request of the Italian government was made with 
the knowledge that it did not conflict with the other principle 
of President Wilson, who wishes to assure every country its 
own outlet to the sea. 

^ A glance at the map of the Adriatic will demonstrate that 
Jugo Slavia, composed of Croatia, Slavonia, Bosnia, Herze- 
govnia, Serbia and Montenegro has large and numerous sea- 
ports whether the countries are considered separately or as 
a new state. They are sufficient for all its present and future 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



requirements, and are connected with the inland country 
behind them by excellent railways and roads, capable of 
development to meet any needs. 

^ On the coast of Croatia the Jugo Slavs are in full control 
of the ports of Buccari, Porto Re, Jabanac and Segna. The 
last is larger, if not developed more than Fiume. On the 
Dalmatian coast they will have the ports of Spalato, Almissa, 
Makarska, Ragusa and Cattaro. The last has a military and 
trade importance equal to any harbor of the Mediterranean. 
On the Montenegrin coast they have the use of the harbors 
of Antivari and Dulcigno, where the most important arteries 
of communication of Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro 
have their terminii. 

^ If Fiume were indispensable to Jugo Slavia, Italy would 
have sacrificed the city to the economic necessity of her 
neighbors, as she did in fact in the case of the wholly Italian 
city of Spalato which, likewise, through a plebiscite, asked 
for annexation to Italy, but was voluntarily relinquished to 
Jugo Slavia only for the reason that the port was considered 
indispensable to the commercial future of the new state. 



^ Mr. Henry I. Hazelton, v/ho has studied the Fiume ques- 
tion dispassionately, with the analytical objective, which is 
a prerogative of American writers, in the following pages 
demonstrates to those who would like a more intimate knowl- 
edge of the problem of Fiume, the historical, political, social 
and economic reasons, which should decide the fate of Fiume, 
and which we have set forth succinctly in this foreword. 



QHffe 

n 22 m 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



FIUME 

The Superlatively Italian City 



By HENRY I. HAZELTON 



N OFFERING American readers a summary of the issues 
involved in deciding the fate of Fiume, the superlatively 
Italian city, which has been the most disturbing factor of 
the peace conference in Paris, I shall not confine, myself to 
what might be regarded as the Italian point of view. I shall 
rather set forth the problem in the clearest manner possible, 
depending wholly on facts and documents of the highest 
political and social character, the authenticity of which cannot 
be questioned. 

^ Contrary to what appears to be a common opinion, and 
contrary toi the assertions of the Jugo Slavs, the Italian right 
to Fiume is not based upon any interpretation of public or 
secret treaties. Much less is it founded on inopportune 
imperialistic aspirations on' the part of the Italian people. It 
is a historic and national tradition which springs from a com- 
mon soil and blood. It is, moreover, peculiarily a democratic 
privilege of free peoples. It rests upon the right to self- 
determination, the one outstanding doctrine characteristic of 
the Fourteen Points of President Wilson. 

^ The assertion of this principle as a basis for enduring 
peace was acclaimed by the democratic conscience of the 
world. The powers recently at war with Italy and her allies 
promptly added the seal of their approval without a dissent- 
ing word. It received its first practical application with the 
full approval of the Peace Conference, when Croatia, Slavonia, 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



Bosnia and Herzegovina, defeated, if not conquered countries, 
seeking to escape the full penalties of the collapse of Austria, 
exercised the right of self-determination and called for annex- 
ation to Serbia. 

San Marino a Self-Deterrrtined State 

^ Italy was one of the first countries to respect the right to 
self-determination. Her whole history in the Middle Ages is 
the history of small, self-determined states. She recognized 
the principle in 1859, when Savoy and Nice were ceded to 
France after plebiscites enabled the people to decide their 
course; and again in 1861, when the little republic of San 
Marino, by a plebiscite, expressed the wish of its inhabitants 
not to form a part of the new kingdom of Victor Emmanuel 
n. Therefore, it Vv^as not a new experience for Italy when 
Fiume signally manifested its acceptance of the principle. 
The city held a plebiscite in November, 1918, just before the 
armistice v/as signed, at which eighty per cent of the inhabi- 
tants voluntarily voted for annexation to Italy. 

^ If the Peace Conference sanctioned the right to self-deter- 
mination of the new group of Jugo Slav states, why would 
it now v/ithhold the same right from Fiume, which has been 
hallowed by centuries of struggle against hated oppressors 
and martyrdomi in the cause of freedom, through all of which 
the unquenchable flame of love for Italy has burst forth anew 
at each successive crisis in the city's history? 

^ Against the sovereign Vv^ill of the people of Fiume no con- 
siderations of any other kind should be permitted to prevail. 
Their plebiscite should be considered decisive, and their 
resolve unalterable. It is not Italy who disputes the right 
of the Peace Conference to dispose of Fiume. It is Fiume, 
because Fiume revolts at the thought of being made a part 
of Jugo Slavia. It is Fiume which demands the precious right 
to self-determination, and has invoked in support of this right 
the help of President Wilson, who propounded the sacred prin- 
ciple in his Fourteen Points. 

^ An analysis of the plebiscite of Fiume, a copy of which 
was presented to President Wilson in Paris recently by the 
Municipal Council, led by the Mayor, Dr. Vicio, and a political 
delegation from the district, headed by the Hungarian deputy, 
Ossionak, ought to be sufficient proof that the annexation of 
Fiume to Italy is not asked by the Italian element alone. The 
Italians in Fiume represent, according to the most authori- 
tative statistics, compiled by the Austrian authorities and 
accepted by the Jugo Slavs, sixty per cent of the population. 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



Since the plebiscite of last November gave a total of eighty 
per cent voting for annexation, it is not demanded by the 
Italians alone, but by the foreign element as well. 

Oppositions for Two Reasons 

€1 Opposition to the claims of Italy may be placed in two 
categories. On one hand it was held that Fiume should be 
assigned to Jugo Slavia, because it is geographically and 
historically Croatian, and because it never has been a part 
of Italy. On the other hand, it was argued that Fiume should 
be given to Jugo Slavia because it is that new country's only 
outlet to the sea, and should serve, as President Wilson main- 
tained' in his statement of April 24 last, "as an outlet, not 
for the trade of Italy, but of the countries which lie to the 
north and northeast — Hungary, Bohemia, Rumania and the 
states of the new Jugo Slav group." 

^ Regarding the historic right of Italy to Fiume, it is enough 
to say the objection that Fiume never has formed a part of 
Italy is without force. Everyone with any knowledge of 
European history knows that before Italy was united, no 
Italian city formed a part of Italy, politically speaking. For 
centuries Italy was nothing more than a "geographical expres- 
sion," divided into fragments among princes and small rulers 
of Italian nationality, or subject to the dominion of foreign 
states or potentates. Political Italy, or to use a more common 
expression — Italian unity — has been a development of recent 
years, which began to take tangible shape in 1859. It went 
on through an uninterrupted series of wars and revolutions 
which brought out the most sublime examples of patriotic 
sacrifice, heroism and m^artyrdom. These events are cherished 
by all persons of Italian blood as their title to glory and to a 
place among the nations. In modern times they find their 
only parallel in the early struggles of the American colonies 
to be free. 

^ If a similar reasoning should be followed, it would raise 
the same doubts about the Italianism of Trieste, Venice, 
Milan, and of all the other cities ruled by Austria down to 
1866. Before that time they did not form part of political 
Italy, for the innocent reason that it did not exist. 

^ While Fiume never has formed a part of Italy, it has 
remained Italian ever since its foundation 1,100 years ago. 
Rising on the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Tarsica 
destroyed by Charlemagne in 800, it never once has lost its 
pure Italian character. This is attested by all its artistic 
monuments and intellectual life, by all the acts of its adminis- 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



trative and business life, which with its language, laws and 
habits have preserved its complete Italianism in every age 
of its existence. 

Always Called by Its Italian Name 

^ The name of "Ricka," by which it is designated by the 
Croats, a translation of river, never has appeared in any 
geography. On all maps, in all treaties, in all laws, in all 
protocols, Fiume always has been called Fiume, the Italian 
word for river, with all due respect to what is said by the 
recent Jugo Slav geographers. The fact that Fiume, while 
not belonging to Italy, has remained wholly Italian for over 
a thousand years, is the strongest proof which could be 
adduced to my mind, that it is an Italian city. 

^ In the political and business life of Fiume, the Croats 
always have been looked upon as strangers. After success- 
fully resisting a Croat invasion in the first period of its recon- 
struction, Fiume ever preserved its separate character, as a 
free city, with laws exactly like those of every other Italian 
city down to 1776, or until Maria Theresa incorporated it 
with Hungary. 

^ In 1848, Jelacitch, Ban of Croatia, took Fiume from Hun- 
gary, and annexed the city to his own country. Croatia kept 
possession for nineteen years, but never succeeded in crush- 
ing out the proud and fiery Italian spirit of the inhabitants. 
They overcame the fierce persecutions of their new masters, 
and succeeded in throwing oflf the hated yoke of Croatia, 
whereupon the city was united once more to Hungary. 

Trumbitcli Resorts to Forged Documents 

tf Mr. Trumbitch, in order to support the historic right of 
Croatia to Fiume, has related to the peace conference a spe- 
cious story about the convention of 1868 which took Fiume 
from Croatia, and restored it to Hungary as a separate part 
of the sacred crov/n of the kingdom. From this it would 
appear that the Hungarians falsified the laws of the conven- 
tion, pasting over the original context a strip of paper on 
which they arbitrarily inscribed legal enactments in their own 
favor. In order to prove his case Mr. Trumbitch offered a 
photograph of this forged document. (See next page.) 

^ To his explanation, one might reply promptly that Hun- 
gary, and Fiume, much less, never have had to resort to 
deception to prove the ancient rights of the free city. Besides 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



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{From photo teprodnction by courtesy Leslie's Weekly) 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



the aforesaid protocol of the convention, there exists a law 
of the Hungarian parliament, No. 30, enacted the same year, 
in which paragraph 66, recalling the fundamental principles 
of Maria Theresa's charter granted in 1779, reaffirms the 
document in favor of Fiume ; and defines its rights and sover- 
eignty clearly and precisely. It declares "the city, the harbor 
and the district of Fiume constitute a separate body politic 
annexed to the Hungarian crown." 

Croats Admitted Independence of Fiume 

^ The assent of Croatia is not lacking. On November 16, 
1868, the law enacted by the Hungarian parliament, as well 
as the protocol signed by the Emperor, were read in the diet 
of Croatia, which decided to give the maximum of publicity 
to the sovereign decree that all the deputies might examine 
it. The next day the debate was opened. Only two deputies, 
Antonio Stovanovitch and Giovanni Zivkovitch, spoke against 
it. Deputies Roberto Zlatarevitch and Miroslavo Karljevitch 
proposed that the diet accept the law in its entirety, and the 
diet finally voted to do so almost unanimously. 

€| With such a premise, it would appear almost absurd at this 
time to attack the validity of the documents mentioned, since 
they quite establish the Italian right to Fiume. That right 
is bound closely, not only to the national character of the 
city which is included within the Alpine barrier, the Creator 
erected, and history ever has acknowledged as the natural 
boundary of Italy. It rests also upon the principle of self- 
determination asserted by the city itself, being peopled mostly 
by Italians. This right was recognized not only by the pro- 
tocol and the law enacted by the Hungarian parliament in 
1868, afterward approved by the Croatian diet, and by the 
charter of Maria Theresa. It traces its origin back to the 
municipal law of Rome, and comes down through the ages 
to find its confirmation in the Ferdinandean constitution of 
1530; the Fiume law of 1872 and more recently in the Wilson- 
ian doctrine of the self-determination of small peoples. 

Jugo Slavia Never Used Flume 

^ Again in reply, I will say that Fiume is not the only, or 
the most important maritime outlet of the new group of 
Jugo Slav states. They will get coasts of Croatia, Dalmatia 
and Montenegro 450 miles long, affording ample anchorages, 
roadsteads and harbors for all purposes. All are connected 
with the hinterland by good highways and railroads. Before 
the war they were almost the only trade routes of the present 
Jugo Slav countries. 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



^ Fiume never was, and never could be the natural outlet of 
Jugo Slavia. One look at a map of the Adriatic will convince 
anyone of this. Fiume is on the upper coast and is the natural 
outlet for the people living north and northeast of the city — 
that is of Hungary, Carniola, Austria proper, the new Czecho- 
slovak state and Ukrania. With all of these countries it has 
ample railroad connections and good highways for wheeled 
vehicles. 

^ Jugo Slavia, lying almost wholly east and southeast of 
Fiume, does not offer one convenient route to the coast by 
way of Fiume. It is cut off, not only by difficulties of com- 
munication, but because to ship by way of Fiume would 
increase the distance to be covered in order to reach the Med- 
iterranean markets. It would be as if Georgia and South 
Carolina should prefer Baltimore to Savannah or Charleston 
in shipping goods to the Caribbean sea. This is borne out by 
the fact that in the past those countries made little use of 
the port of Fiume. 

^ Going over the harbor statistics for the last ten years, it 
is seen that the commerce of Croatia passing through Fiume 
represents only seven per cent of the total, while of the entire 
trade of Croatia, Slavonia, Carniola, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herze- 
govina and Serbia, only thirteen per cent passed through the 
port of Fiume. 

^ These statistics were given to the Peace Conference by the 
Italian delegates in Paris. 

Spalato Center for the Wine Trade 

^ Without reckoning the Croatian ports of Buccari and 
Segna, the latter with a capacity and possibilities of develop- 
ment far greater than those of Fiume, the coast of Dalmatia 
offers the hinterland harbor facilities far greater than any 
present needs or future development will require. Chief 
among them is Spalato; although wholly Italian, like most 
of the other cities of the littoral, it has been conceded to Jugo 
Slavia voluntarily by Italy, as it is regarded as the most 
advantageous point of shipment the new state could have. Its 
possession will insure the commercial and industrial develop- 
ment of the fertile hinterland. 

^ Spalato is the center of the wine trade on the Dalmatian 
coast, while Fiume is surrounded by barren limestone rocks, 
poorly watered, and affording a scant supply of food to the 
peasants, who till their little patches of filled-in gardens to 
points far up the mountain sides. 



10 FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 

^ The importance of Spalato harbor was recognized before 
and during the war by Austria. While hostihties were in 
progress the naval authorities at Trieste sent a commission 
to determine its availability as the site of a strong naval base 
to support the fleet, if it should not be thought advisable to 
establish a big naval harbor at Porto Paludi with its back 
toward the mercantile harbor. 

^ Diocletian's name is forever linked with that of Spalato. 
The emperor who gave Rome its last word of pomp and mag- 
nificence laid aside his diadem at 59 to dwell as a private 
citizen near the place where his father and mother had lived 
as slaves. The palace he built in this favored place covered 
nine and a half acres, and its walls still inclose the greater 
part of thej Italian city. Many of the buildings he erected 
remain to attest the splendor which Diocletian carried with 
him even into his retreat. 

Many Harbors on the Narenta 

^ Those who are unconvinced will get a still broader idea of 
the generous treatment accorded to Jugo Slavia by continuing 
their studies of the coast. The imperial aspirations of the 
Jugo Slavs masquerading under the cry for outlets to the sea 
will be understood somewhat better after a glance at the 
numerous harbors, which in addition to Buccari, Segna and 
Spalato, remain indisputably in their hands. 

^ The estuary of the Narenta, a deep and safe bay confined 
by the Dalrqatian coast, the peninsula of Sabbioncello and 
the island of Lesina is rich in good anchorages — Porto Tolero, 
Neum, Stagno Piccolo, Drace, Valle Orkvica, Porto Trappano — 
and of noteworthy trade centers — Klek valley, Duba bay, Brat- 
kovika valley, Osobliava valley. Diva bay. 

^ In the estuary itself Fort Opus, about six miles from the 
coast, offers an excellent anchorage. The quay of masonry 
will accomodate four steamships of medium size moored end 
to end. 

^ The port of Metkovitch contains anchorages more than 
four meters deep. It will accommodate steamships of average 
draught. There are two strands each 200 meters long, with 
spur railway tracks. The city is the terminus of the Mostar 
railroad, a trip of three hours, and the Gabela railroad running 
to the Mouths of Cattaro. During the war the railroad was 
extended to the harbor of Narenta which separates the rail- 
road station from the city. The railroad has built two ware- 
houses, making four in all with a capacity of 2,000 tons of 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 11 

merchandise. Along the new quay between the railway sta- 
tion and the bridge five steamships can be moored end to end 
at the same lime. Along this shore the rough ground will 
permit the storage of 7,000 cubic meters of merchandise. 

Gravosa Opens on an Inlet 

^ The port of Gravosa opens on an inlet the southern end of 
which is not more than two and a half kilometers from Port 
Casson, the harbor of Ragusa; but the railroad stops at Grav- 
osa and does not reach Ragusa proper. Nevertheless the har- 
bor of Ragusa might be considered as subsidiary to that of 
Gravosa from the view point of imports and exports, inas- 
much as the connection between them is easy. The little land- 
ing places on the left bank of the Orubia estuary are more 
properly entitled to be called subsidiaries of the harbor of 
Gravosa. 

^ The harbor of Gravosa with a basin having anchorages 
exceeding four meters in depth has a total area of about 16 
square miles. It is well protected from the winds, especially 
in the inner part, and is not subjected to tides. It has a 
quay for timber 200 meters long with a draught of IV2 to 8 
meters. There is also a quay for smaller steamships. There 
are abundant anchorages. 

^ The port of Ragusa boasts of a breakwater forty meters 
long with a draught of four meters. There is also an inner 
harbor which will receive light draught steamers. The old 
harbor can be considered as a tributary to the harbor of 
Gravosa; for while it is true that they are 14 kilometers 
apart, it is equally true that the Cattaro-Metcovitch railroad 
passes within three miles of the old harbor at the Zvekovica 
station. Thus it could co-operate in supplying freights. The 
port has a short quay with a draught of four meters along- 
side. It is used by local steamers. In the center of the harbor 
the soundings reach 20 meters. 

^ The Mouths of Cattaro comprise one of the safest, most 
beautiful and spacious natural harbors in the world. The 
harbor of Castelnuovo di Cattaro though small has depths 
exceeding four meters. The anchorage at Zelenika, the rail- 
road terminus, should be considered as tributary to the harbor 
of Castelnuovo. It is about 543 acres in extent. In front 
of the railway station there is a quay 100 meters long. 

Zelenika Improved by the War 

^ During the war the anchorage at Zelenika underwent 
many alterations. There is a breakwater 110 meters long with 



12 FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 

soundings alongside averaging seven meters. Enormous ware- 
houses have been built to supply the Austrian troops operating 
in Bosnia, Montenegro and Albania. A railroad branch of 
narrow gauge was in process of construction to connect Zel- 
enika with Gienovitch, but only the stretch from Zelinka to 
Kumbur was completed. 

^ At the latter place enormous hangars were constructed 
which might be converted into warehouses for merchandise. 

^ Besides these harbors the new Jugo Slav group has control 
of the ports of Antivari and Dulcigno, and the more important 
one of San Giovanni di Medua, which with the harbors of Dal- 
matia and Croatia give it practically unlimited access to 
the sea. 

^ A survey of the figures showing the trade movement of the 
Dalnxatian harbors before the war will lead to interesting con- 
clusions. Until 1913 — the year to which the documents con- 
sulted extend — the movement of the Dalmatian harbors 
attained 20.6 per cent of the total business of the harbors of 
the dual monarchy. In other words more than a fifth of the 
commerce of Austria-Hungary was carried on through Dal- 
matian ports. That v/as the case — it should be considered 
well — up to the end of the war while Austria-Hungary still 
formed an intact country, and its exports and imports did not 
encounter any obstacle in following their natural channels, 
that is the most convenient, economical and shortest routes. 

^ This should not be understood to imply by any means that 
Jugo Slavia ought to renounce all use of the northern seaports 
of the Adriatic. Nobody will ever try to prevent the Jugo 
Slavs from shipping their exports, or receiving their imports 
through Fiume. It does not follow, however, that in order 
to permit the Jugo Slavs to export a small percentage of their 
farm products through its harbor, Fiume, an Italian city, 
should be joined to Croatia. 

Fiume a Free Port for Centuries 

^ Italy, with a far more enlightened government than that of 
Croatia or untried Jugo Slavia, is ready to offer the Jugo 
Slavs the same harbor facilities at Fiume as it offers at Trieste 
and G6noa to the trade of S"witzerland and Southern Germany, 
and the other countries of Central Europe. This will be true 
especially if Fium« should become a free port, as is the desire 
of every Italian. 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 13 

^ A free port would be nothing new for Fiume. It enjoyed the 
advantages of a free port from the remotest times, and ceased 
to be one only in 1891. 

^ Emperor Charles IV., improving the wise counsels of the 
great Prince Eugene of Savoy, undertook to promote and in- 
crease the industries and trade of his country. In 1717 he 
ordered that ships should have free ingress and egress at all 
Austrian ports, and free navigation throughout the Adriatic. 
He offered immunities and privileges to all who should come 
to establish themselves in his dominions, and regulated the 
use of the highways which led from the interior to the sea. 
After making these provisions he decided to select ond or two 
harbors on the Adriatic to become the emporiums of Austria, 
and at the same time proclaimed Trieste and Fiume free ports, 

^ If Charles had given a strong impetus to Fiume's com.merce, 
his daughter, Maria Theresa, was destined to raise it to a 
degree of prosperity it never had known. Charles granted 
privileges to commercial companies, immunities to foreigners 
and proclaimed the port free. Maria Theresa follov/ed closely 
by proclaiming the freedom of trade and traffic. She extended 
the customs immunity to the city and territory and granted 
personal immunities to all. She abolished tolls, except that on 
wine, and enacted wise laws to develop commerce and ship- 
ping. The reign of Maria Theresa was a period of great pros- 
perity for Fiume. 

Germany Pots End to Free Port 

^ The free ports of Fiume and Trieste continued to flourish 
at the expense of Germany. Bohemia, Southern Bavaria, Tyrol,, 
Stiria, Carniola and the other provinces of Austria diverted 
their commerce toward the Adriatic, because Trieste and Fiume 
have about the same relation to the valley of the Danube that 
Hamburg and Rotterdam have to the valley of the Rhine. 
Germany, v/hich did not wish or was not able to meet the com- 
petition of Trieste and Fiume, compelled Austria-Hungary to 
abolish the two free ports in the Adriatic. Thus Hungary, 
bowing to the commercial supremacy of Germany, took away 
the free port in 1891, and established in its place the so-called 
free point. 

^^ The transformation of the harbor, city and territory of 
Fiume, an area about 20 kilonieters square, into an Italian 
free port would be the strongest guarantee that the trade of 
the hinterland would receive its fullest freedom of movement.. 

^ Above all, Fiume, as an Italian free port, would be saved 
from economic ruin. If Croatia did not export through Fiume 



14 FIU ME— THE ITALIAN CITY 

more than seven per cent of its products, Jugo Slavia which 
would extend north and south far beyond Croatia alone would 
export still less; and Fiume, losing instead of increasing its 
trade, would face depression and a sure decline. The decline 
of the city would mean the decline of its industries and com- 
merce, because it should be repeated often that Fiumei is a 
thriving industrial center. The demoralization of Fiume's in- 
dustries would reduce thousands of families to want, and bring 
suffering on 15,000 operatives, both men and women, who find 
steady employment in the little town. 

^ Furthermore overwhelming proof of what Fiume would be 
in the hands of the Croats may be found by looking at what 
it was in the distressing period between 1848 and 1867, a 
period of decay and impoverishment, which was followed by 
speedy recovery and rehabilitation as soon as it was returned 
to the rule of Hungary. 

Sees No Help From Jugo Slavia 

®! Fiume, not Italian, would run another grave danger. Not 
being, and not able to become the natural outlet of Jugo Slav- 
ia because of its geographical situation, the market of Fiume 
without a doubt would soon fall under the control of German 
capital. Through the ponderous commercial organization of 
Germany its utility as an outpost in combatting German in- 
fluences in the Balkans would be lost speedily. 

^ To illustrate one side of the question a simple incident will 
suffice. Jugo Slavia and Hungary are both pre-eminently agri- 
cultural. Between them: brisk competition is sure to spring up 
to gain foreign markets. With Jugo Slavia in possession of 
Fiume it would be able to apply the same economic policies 
against Hungary which Hungary enforced against Serbia, with 
what prejudice and danger to European peace may well be 
imagined since the like has been known. Therefore in view 
of the advisability of adopting a policy looking to a long main- 
tainance of peace, it v/ould be wise to make sure that the 
countries which are rising on the ruins of the Austro-Hungar- 
ian monarchy shall have the freest access to the sea. 

"Free City" Dreaded by Fiume Folk 

^ It follows that the metamorphosis of Fiume into a "free 
city" would be futile. The fulcrum of the problem lies in inter- 
national guarantees that Italy will give the peoples of the 
hinterland the freest access to the sea. Once the problem of 
guarantees as an Italian free port is solved, the problem of 
Fiume will be solved. At the bottom, a "free city" in the 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY _25 

sense of its application to Fiume, means free in regard to 
the movement of commerce. Such a freedom of traffic would 
have its fullest guarantees, if the city should become an Italian 
free port. If it is useless to speak of Fiume as a "free city," 
it might not be useless to indicate the absurdity of such a 
scheme. 

^ A "free city" in the accepted sense is equivalent to a repub- 
lic. Fiume would retain, as it does now, an administration 
for the affairs of state. Is it possible that a city of 50,000 in- 
habitants could have the economic and financial capacity to 
provide for all the kinds of service required by a growing 
harbor, city and surrounding country? Such a thing would 
be possible only by an increase of taxes out of all proportion to 
its wealth. It would ruin the city; and what then? With- 
out an increase in taxes Fiume would be obliged to renounce 
its prosperity, its very title to existence, if it were made a 
"free city." 

Strikes Terror Into Citizens 

^ This is why the scheme to make Fiume a free city has 
struck terror into the hearts of its citizens, who, fearing for 
its commercial future, have replied with determination that 
they wish only one solution of the dispute — the union of Fiume 
to Italy. Besides, Fiume is necessary to Italy for a reason 
pre-eminently national. Fiume is the last Italian outpost in 
the Julian Alps, the extreme bulwark of Latin civilization. 
Fiume has been through long centuries an Italian radiating 
center in the Gulf of Quarnero. Volosca, Abbazia, Laurano, 
Albona, Moschiena, Veglia, Cherso, Arbe and other places have 
preserved their Italianism, thanks to the sturdy national char- 
acter of the Gem of the Quarnero. 

^ Fiume as a "free city" would means the destruction of 
Italianism on the eastern shore of Istria, on the islands in the 
gulf, and in Fiume itself. Fiume as a "free city" is incon- 
ceivable to an Italian; is repugnant to the soul of Italy. One 
must have been over there on the border of the country ; must 
have struggled, and suffered with the love of Italy ever burn- 
ing in his heart; must have endured endless sacrifices for the 
sacred ideals of Italy; must have inherited a magnificent 
national tradition; and hoped passionately for liberty and for 
Italy to understand the sorrow and despair of the people of 
Fiume in hearing others speak of a "liberty" which to them 
spells not slavery, but the death of everything Italian round 
about. 



16 



FIUME— THE ITALIAN CITY 



^ A "free city" or any other mistaken solution of the burning 
question, will make Fiume the point of ignition, close to the 
frontiers of Italy and Jugo Slavia, where the clashing interests 
and passions of the two nationalities will attain violent expres- 
sion. This is another reason why Fiume should be Italian. 
Where peace can be carried by virtue of the right, a firebrand 
of municipal strife and racial hatreds, imbued with all the 
characteristics of the Middle Ages from which they sprang, 
should not be thrown. 

^ As I have said, Fiume as an Italian city, will be in a position 
to challenge the respect and attention of the world. 




"Self Determination" 



On April 18, 1819, Fiume voted a second time by 
plebiscite to be united to the kingdom of Italy. The 
commerce bodies, educational associations and sporting 
interests were unanimous in the desire. The city sent 
seventy odd telegrams to the Peace Conference in Paris, 
asking for the unconditional annexation of Fiume to Italy. 
The municipality and National Council sent this despatch : 

"The National Council, which on October 30, 1918, 
solemnly claimed the union of Fiume to Italy, and placed 
its plebiscite under the protection of America, expects 
from the conference the vindication of its right, justice 
and liberty, that they be made inviolable according to 
the unanimous wish of the people of Fiume. In these 
hours, when the fate of Fiume is being decided, the 
national council appeals to the sense of justice of the 
conference, expressing its firm faith that the plebiscite, 
based upon the cardinal principles of President Wilson 
will be ratified by the conference. Fiume, which in 1720, 
1779, in 1867, and in 1918, decided its own fate of itself, 
reaffirms by a plebiscite vote its indestructible right to 
self-determination, and its unalterable will to belong to 
Italy. 

(Signed) "PRESIDENT GROSSICH." 



FiuME, Italy 




This map shows the natural waters)- , , , 

aundaries of Italy on the north #^ ^^r preference and 
orthwest. Until the victory over >rt of Italy. Thus it is 
.ustrian armies in October the TrentH ,f°^i*^'y v^^*'^^?*^ 3u ^ 
nd the Istrian peninsula were goveriicaU of her blood brothers 
y Austria although almost wholly Italf honorable endeavor to re- 

h her. 



FIUME, THE EASTERN GATEWAY TO ITALY 




This map shows the natural watershed 
boundaries of Italy on the north and 
northwest. Until the victory over the 
Austrian armies in October the Trentino 
^nd the Istrian peninsula were governed 
'>>' Austria although almost wholly Italian 



in population. This was called the Italian 
"Irredenta," or "unredeemed provinces. 
It has been the life-dream of the peoples 
of Italy and of the peoples of these prov- 
inces that one day they would be reunited 
and under the flag of Italy. Fiume was 



left out of the territory apportioned Italy 
by the tei-ms of the armistice between the 
Italians and the Austrians. Immediately 
the people of Fiume, taking advantage of 
the point of self-determination m Presi- 
dent Wilson's "14 points," declared to the 



Peace Conference her preference and 
choice to be part of Italy. Thus it is 
Fiume that asked for Italy first, and Italy 
answering the call of her blood brothers 
is making every honorable endeavor to re- 
unite them with her. 



_r" 




has been stated repeatedly that Fiume 
he only port of Jugo Slavia on the 
iatic and that if Fiume be given to 



la-iic tiiiu Liictt 11 riuiiie ue given lu i._j?. „_ ^v f — ~ — 

f the new Jugo Slav kingdom would "S"^* ^'^^ ^^' f^^ Cro- 

intirely cut off from an outlet on the '^'^^ ^ P^"" ^^^^ of her im- 

iatic. The map shows how grossly has ; 

I the misrepresentation in making such 

sment. 

ram Bucarri, six miles south of Fiume. 



fc of the entire traffic — im- 
)rts, of Croatia, Bosnia, 
^rbia and Slovania passed 



to consult one's own 
rove the accuracy of this 



NUMEROUS RAIL AND ROAD PORTS OF 
JUGO SLA VIA OTHER THAN FIUME 



^». I"T* "S 1 A ( THE DATA FOR THIS MAP WAS TAKEN FROM B/^tDEKER'i, ANO JOHNSON'i ROVAL ATLAS. EDIMBURGH I9ll-|9lb') 

OiX^A , ^ f Ke>P 1 



**» RAILROADS 
—-PRINCIPAL ROAOS 
t7/'w BOUNDARIES OF STATES 




rffiLY 



DRMJNbv s rMAP^vyE:i-L- 



. It has been stated repeatedly that Fiume to Albania, the eastern Adriatic coast 
's the only port of Jugo Slavia on the H"~1 with numerous cities, towns and 
Adriatic and that if Fiume be given to 
"aiy the new Jugo Slav kingdom would 



impartial Judgment that these ports were Only 13 Per cent of the enUre^.t-ffic=-4?^- 
,.Ja and considered adequate by the states ppi'^s aTia_ eAgui^_,^ ^^ siovania passed 



to Aioania, me '='^=""=V' "";!""■; and'vil- uT^dMd clonsldewd adequate W the sUtes P°J-'*f "^j- ; " gerWa and Siovania passec 

of them possessing good harbors, wen ui' ' " . m-eferred by these states who atia oniy usea is lui ■ i- 
°Ll»^«„deauim)ed. and served adequately Ports were pietewea oy ^^^ ^^^^^ ports and exports. ,^ _.__ ^^„, 



taly the new Jugo Slav kingdom would of them jKJssessmg good «p^»d adeauatelv ports were preferred 

^e entirely cut off from an outlet on the proved and equipped, a'"! ^^^^f^ **K ^^ Lw so vociferously ^^. . _^^^ 

Adnatic. The man show, how ^rosslv has with railroads and wagon roads from an no ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Adriatic. This is proven 

bv the statistics of the shipments through 
Fiume into and out of these various states. 



-..aiic. ine map shows 
own the misrepresentation 
Statement. 
From Bucarri, six miles south of Fiume. 



ports were preierrea oy inese oLai-cij "">- — -- --- - xnorts 

^ cut off from an outlet on the Provea ana equiw^^, »->."--. .-----_.^ ^ ^^ vociferously claim Fiume as their P^jj^/''v„g ^ut " to .v-"o„ -^, 

The map shows how grossly has with railroads , and wagon roads from ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Adriatic, This is proven One has but accuracy of this 

-= ■• in making such parts of the interior. ^tudvine the by the statistics of the shipments through S^f^"^^^ ^° ^^ 

It should be remembered »" studying tne by . ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^,0^, states, map. 



Fiume question, and arriving at a fair and 



siOKffiasKSKSXS^aewt 



M> 



f] 



BC 

BRESCIA 




'Tthe itauanctHSof the east 
adriatic coast 




..<!'■ 



BRESCIA 



TRENTO 1 ^ 

JwaVove^to 

VERONA 




■*■.,„>■#"' *"'"i^RUNico\^ /^ A U S "T 

^"CLORENZAlilr aRESSANONCvJ;v,y'/|. v y„„ 

r"? B0L2AN0 ^"'"^;^' ^''/'''ptALBdR&HETTO 

\ ** V-8ELLUN0 .-^'.-.e^ 

; TRENTO J ^ 

CORMONS * 

^'"-'^feifii.. Croatia" 

JR!E|TE 

V-r>JCAPpbDi^^;a5pi,M .. ,„ 

:^€^ 

lUSSIMPICCOlffj^* 



KEY 

. ITALIAN CITIES 
} SER.BO-CROATS 
SLOVENES 

CTHEStTOREE COMPRlTE. 

GERMAN -AUSTRIANS 

SCALE of' MILES 

_l 100 



The above map will be found absolutely 
authentic and accurate when compared 
with any of the maps extant as to location 
and names of the cities and towns o£ the 
eastern coast of the Adriatic. 

So far back as one may go it will be 
found that these towns bore and today bear 
Italian names. If one will take the trouble 
to read the various histories and text books 
bearing upon the origin of these cities, 



their language, their architecture, their in- 
dustries, agriculture and seats of learning, 
it will be found that they are wholly 
Italian. 

Two facts are important in the study of 
this Fiume question. Italy did not claim 
Fiume, but Fiume on the point of self- 
deter jni nation notified the Peace Conference 
that she wishes to become part of Italy. 
Neither did Italy claim the Italian city of 
Spalato, which is the most important rail- 



road port of the new Jugo Slav kingdom, 
and one which is much more available for 
Serbia than is Fiume. If one will study 
the various published maps of the east 
Adriatic coast it will be quickly seen that 
the new Jugo Slav kingdom has a great 
number of accessible and well equipped 
and well served ports on the coast of Cro- 
atia, Dalmatia and Montenegro — any of 
them of easier access than the port of 
Fiume Ms to Jugo Slavia. 



_J 



PHE BA^ALY 
I 




^ 



THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS OF ITALY 

FROM THE EAST— TWO 

THROUGH FIUME 



^il 



200,000 MIXED BARBARIAKS 
UNDER RADAGAI5US 



• •• ITALIAN FRONTIER IN 19I4- 



GREAT SLAV 
NVASION 



HERULES 

UNDER. 

OOOACER. 



HUNS 

UMDER 

ATTI LA 




'' [the 



05TR0 GOTHS 
, UNDER 
ITHEODORIC 



GREAT 
HUN&ARIAN 
INVASION 



VISIGOTHS 
UNDER 
ALARIC 



I ^riAWM SV S.frMAXV^£l.L 



I Italy has claimed that her need for 
Fiume is also to insure her safety from in- 
vasion on the east. This map shows the 
various passes in the Alps that have heen 
used for invasion of Italy. Until the de- 
feat of Austria these passes were in the 
hands of the Central Powers, and put 
Italy at the mercy of the Hun hordes, 
which included the Creations, Bosnians, 



Slovenes and Herzegovinians, who now 



by the Jugo Slav states m preference to 
Fiume. disregarding the point of self-de- 
termination, which Fiume exercised, de- 
dS a preference for Italian govern- 
ment" the Jugo Slavs have made a deter- 
mined fight for Fiume, and shown the 
Sest animosity towards Italians and 

^*The barbarian invasions shown 
on above map: (D By Radagaisus in 



ififi A D • (2) Great Slav invasion in the 
4th and 5th Centuries: (3) Hejulf. m 
476 A D : (4) Huns under Attila in 
4K2 A ' D : (5) Lombards under Albom in 
K68 a' D 16) Ostrogoths under Theodoric 
ff 486 a/d.-. (7) Great Hun inva^.on 
under Takosony in .943 AD.. (8) V^«, , 
trnths under Alario in 410 A. V. it win 
be noted these last two invasions wer* 
through the pass of Fiume. 



PORTS 
EASl 



PORTS OF CROATIA ON THE 
EAST ADRIATIC COAST 




The statement has been made repeatedly 
that Fiume is the only outlet of Jugo 
Slavia on the Adriatic, There are many 
ports other than Fiume all the way from 
Fiume to the lower part of Albania. It 
will be noted by the abo« map that there 
are numerous ports on the Croatian coast. 
Some of them are small, servmg only the 
territory immediately contiguous to the 
coast. Others are large, wel equipped, and 
served by railroad and wsgon road from 
the interior. 

The principal rail liie of Croatia 
touches the port of Bu-car. before it 
reaches Fiume. 

The fact that these ports served amply 
the needs of Croatia prior to the war ii= 
«v,!>wn bv the fact that oily 7 per cent 
of The C,-oat!an traffic anl only 13 per 
"ent of all the imports ^"^ ^•''"f ''.^ "* 
atl the stales compinsing what is now 
Jugo Slavia passed through the port of 
Fiume. 



It is well to remember, too, that Fiume 
acting upon the point of self-determina- 
tion provided in the famous "Wilson 
Fourteen Points," elected by plebiscite to 
become part of Italy. Thus Fiume asked 
the Peace Conference to make Fiume part 
of Italy. Italy endorsed the claim of 
Fiume with the further argument that 
Fiume is the natural gateway to Italy on 
the east. With an enemy country in 
possession of Fiume, Italy would be in the 
same position as before, when Austria gov- 
erned Fiume, for Fiume is inside the 
mountain range that is given Italy for her 
protection. 

Following is specific data regarding the 
ports of Croatia on the Adriatic: 

Buccari. Population in 1900, 1870, six 
miles down the coast from Fiume, at the 
head of a deep harbor, two miles long 
and one broad, said to be the finest natural 
harbor on the Adriatic. It is skirted by 
the loastal highway its entire leijgth, A 



direct railroad from Agram passes througli 
fhe outer portions of the town " is served 
L, three highways from Croatia. 
^ Porto del Re is at the mouth of Buccari 
harbor The coastal highway passes 

*Tegna ''(Croatian Zengg). Population, 
•! 181 in 1900. It has a good harbor and a 
3,181 1" i- . s„™e3 by four roads 

"^"'c/oatiaB'eye^n Porto del Re and 
I" , ire the villages of Dodi, Cickven.c.i. 
S?^° ,?,d St E iasT served by the coastal 
Novi and J't- ^'nch roads into Croatia, 
'■'^fablanac' " t has a harbor and light- 
, •'f and is served by three, highways, 
''""„■ wad from central Croatia. 
""*,. innatro A small port town on the 
^."^ Sway where the road turns to 
"""f'^he fuy of Gospic. in central Croatia 
to wey^y (he smaller coast 

Besides these tn«^.^^^ Novi, St. Elias, 



^''' Dod Cickvenica. Novi, St Elias, 
'°'™r»nrcio' and many others that are 
^'■cheTirom t- '"t-.ior by wagon roads 
^fd are served 



St- «5°rm th inTerior br;;agon Voads 
reaf'^d ^^^J^y the small coastal vessels. 



sou 







h 



ADRIATIC PORTS OF 
SOUTHERN JUGO SLAVIA 




A study of any of the detail maps of 
the Adriatic east coast w.ll show con- 
clusively that the new Jugo Slav king- 
dom is not shut off from traffic in the 
Adriatic by loss of Fiume. if it should be 
^■Zn to Italy. All the way from Buccar 
just below Fiume, to Aniyari, there aie 
numerous ports and coast towns that aie 
reached by railroads and wagon roads 
from the interior, and which are served 
by large and small steamers and coast 
trading vessels. , , ., j 

Following is the specific detail regard- 
ing the Jugo-Slav ports for the states ol 
Bosnia, Herzegovina and Montenegro: 



Makarska. A port of 8,359 population 
in 1900, a regular stopping place for 
steamers. It has a harbor and a light- 
house, and is served by two roads. 

Kagusa. The third largest city on the 
eastern Adriatic. Population was 5,470 m 
1900 Ragusa has a lighthouse, an inner 
and outer harbor, a ferry, two roads and 
excellent rail connections from Dalmatia, 
Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

Cattaro. Population 5,418 in 1900. 
Formerly was Austria-Hungary s chiet 
southern naval base. With Castelnuovo, 
the rail center and new town aci-oss the 
harbor, Cattaro is in the same class with 



the best Mediterranean ports. There are 
direct rail connections from Belgrade, 
and other Serbian points Agram and all 
principal shipping points in Bosnia, Herze- 
iovinl, Croatia, Serbia and Slavonia to 
Cattaro. Cattaro is also served by four 
highways, and lies ten miles, by road, 
from Cetinje, capital of Montenegi-o. 

Antivari. Population 2,500 m IJOO. 
The port of Montenegro. It has a deep 
harbo^- and a lighthouse -"f is served by 
a railroad and roads with Scutau, l^etinje, 
and point, in Albania and Southern Monte- 
negro. 



a 



THE ADRIATIC PORTS 

USED BY BOSNIA AND 

HERZEGOVINA 




A glance at this map will show the 
falla<-y of the clai^m that without Fiume 
the Ju«o Slav kingdom will be cut off 
from the Adriatic. These two Jugo Slav 
states-Bosnia and Herzegovina do not 
touch upon the Adriatic; Dalmatia hes 
l-'--\^-l^ntSlnl^%rtnter-n! 
''•°:'" Prior "otirtar Bosnia used the 
tries. J"°^J°to\nd Herzegovina used 

the Dalmatian coa.t fapalato is a 



kingdom on the Dalmatian ooast, and 
showing conclusively that Fiume is not a 
necessity to Jugo Slavia. 

Zara. Capital of old Dalmatia. A city 
of 32,508 population in 1900. It is served 
by railroads from Croatia. Bosnia and 
Dalmatia. Five highways run into Zara. 
Zara has a deep harbor, and is a Tegular 
stopping place for coastwise shipping. 

Zaravccchia. Served by two highroads. 
Ships stop here on call. Between Zara 
and Zaravecchia are the coastal hamlets 
of Dibinje and Torrette. Small trading 
vessels serve them. 

Sebenico. Population 24.251 in 1900. 
On the estuary of the Cikola river. The 
harbor is three miles long with a deep 
channel up to the town. Sebenico i' 
served by two railroads, one from Dal- 
matia and the other from western Bosnia, 
and four roads, including a ferry. 
Between Zaravecchia and Sebenico are the 



little ports of Zlosela and Zeton, on the 

™trt"'population 3.000 in 1900. Has 
. deep harbor and a lighthouse. Served 
hv three roads, one of which is from 
Bosnia Between Sebenico and Trau are 
«rvfliages of Virpoli, Boraja, Rogosnizza 

*"'Vhirr"are numerous smaller ports 
I .r, on the maps that are reached by 
t!scl ?oads and are served by the many 

''''So.''TopuIation of 27,198 in 190». 
bpaiaiu. , ninsula, and has a fine 

?■'""' harbor A I steamships stop here. 
^'Sat^ is served by railroads fr«i Dal- 
Spalato i'' J- ^^^ a direct line from 
niatia, BO^ highways converge on the 

^'•f™ Soalato is easily the most important 
"''^' he.r developed port for Jugo Slavia. 
"" iimLsa Uthe next port below Spalato. 
It ^aTthree' highways and a fine harbor. 



n=i 



^ 



THE CLAIMS OF ITALY AND 
JUGO SLA VI A 



S\\ TERRITORY ASSIGNED TO^ 
S'^'''' ITALY 5Y TH E TREATY OF ' 
LON DON , AND CLAIMED BY 
JUGO-5UV5 SHOWN IN BLACK 




The heavy black dotted line shows the 
territory claimed by the new Kingdom of 
Jugo Slavia. It is made up of Serbia, 
Slavonia, Carniola, Croatia, Bosnia, Her- 
zegovina, Montenegro, a portion of Greece, 
a portion of Albania, and a large portion 
of Hungary. . , , , . 

Serbia is the only country included m 
total in the new Jugo Slavia Kingdom 
that was with the Allies in the great war. 
The principal ports used by Serbia on the 
Adriatic prior to the war were Spalato, 
Gravosa, Ragusa, Cattaro and Antivanon 
the Dalmatian and Montencgran coast, and 
Durazzo and Avalona on the Albanian 
coast. Her natural outlet was through thp 
Danube and through the Greek port of 
Salonika. The principal westei-n railway 
lines of Serbia lead directly to Spalato, 
Durazzo and Ragusa, and none directly to 

Carniola ia a part of Austria. She used 
Fiume and Triest as an outlet to the 
Adriatic. . , 

Croatia shipped but a small portion ot 
her imports and exports through Fiume. 



using instead the ports of Buccari, Segna 
and all the ports of Dalmatia. It is stated 
that less than 13 per cent of the imports 
and exports of the new Jugo Slav Kingdom 
went through Fiume. 

Bosnia used the ports of Zara, Trau, 
Spalato, Gravosa, Ragusa and Cattaro. 

Montenegro used the ports of Castelnuovo 
and Cattaro in Dalmatia and her own ports 
in Antivari and Dulcigno. Dulcigno is the 
port of the city of Scutari. 

Herzegovina had no ports of her own, 
being what is called "hinterland." She 
used the po\-ts of Dalmatia and Monte- 
ne.ero. , , ,, 

The black portions of the map shows the 
portion of the Adriatic claimed by Italy 
under the treaty with England, France and 
Russia before the United States entered the 
war It will be noted that Italy claims 90 
miles of the eastern Adriatic coast, while 
she concedes to the new Jugo Slavia 46U 
miles of the eastern Adriatic coast with 
abundant harbor facilities and connected 
by rail and post roads from all parts ol 
the new kingdom. 



Exclusive of Fiume, which is in dispute. 
Jugo Slavia has upon the ea.stern coast ot 
the Adriatic the great ports of Buccari, 
six miles south of Fiume,. Segna and Novi- 
gi-ad on the Croatian coast; Spalato, Grav- 
vosa, Ragusa, Cattaro and Antivari on the 
Dalmatian and Montenegran coast. But it 
must be remembered that these are on y 
the most important ports. bhe has, m 
addition to these, numerous ports, scattei«l 
along the entire coast from Fiume to Zaia, 
and from Spalato to Antivari, al ot them 
served by the coast trading vessels and all 
accessible by well made wagon and mule 
roads. The major coast ports of Buccan. 
Spalato, Gravosa and Ragusa are serveu 
by railroads— the one into Spalato being a 
trunk line that taps, all of the interior ot 
the new Jugo Slav Kingdom. 

Fiume claims to be part of Italy on the 
point of self-determination, and Italy sup- 
ports her claim, contending too, that Fiume 
is the gateway to Italy on the east, anil 
an important port of the fertile and prod- 
uctive Istrian peninsula. 



25 






r^ "H" 



A -«- 7--r A 



I 






THE NUMEROUS GREAT PORTS OF JUGO SLAVIA 
—WHY ASK FOR FIUME? 



^ HUNGARY 



THIS circle:. WHOSE CENTER IS 
AT THE PORT OF METCOVIC 5HOW5 
THAT THE E5TUARV OF THE 
r^^ /" NARENTE ISTHE NATURAL 

t^^^ t/ CENTRAL PORT OF the: 

^^^.f JU&O SLAV5 




[Ed. Note — This map is an exact reproduction fi 
the raili-oad was completed to Spalato and Tiau— 

The well known treaty of London leaves to the Jugo Slavs sufficient 
natural outlets on the Adriatic, comprised in more than a dozen large ports 
and about 600 miles of coast line. The black arrows on the map indi- 
cate the principal ports, and among them we find Metcovic, which, with 
the other two ports of Gravosa and Ragusa furnish the natural passage- 
way between the Adriatic and the Danube (via the valleys of the Narenta 



and the Bosna). The geographical center of the new Jugo Slav nation 
is at the city of Serajevo. The importance of these Jugo Slav ports is 
recognized in the treaty of London. Exclusive of Fiume, their commerce 
in 1912 surpassed fourteen million tons, or more than double that of Mar- 
seilles, the great port of Southern France. They are, therefore, quite suf- 
ficient for the needs of the Jugo Slavs, 



PORT AND THF 



BIRDSEYE VIEW OF FIUME, THE DISPUTED PORT AND THE 

TERRITORY SURROUNDING j IT 




One may see loy this map the location 
of the disputed city of Fiume and the 
nature of the country that surrounds it. 

The Istiian Peninsula in ceded to Italy 
—the dotted line giving the boundai-y of 



Ad 






Li«u line Kiviiit> i-""^ „»,-.™ — .- -- 

outline<l by the Treaty of London 

of the Armistice with the 



Italy „„ 

and the ici.ns ul 

defeated Austrian 3. 

It will be noted that Croatia is well 
provided with ports other than Fiume. 
This map gives one a very fine view and 
:i correct idea of the hai-bor of Buccai-i. 
It is said that Napoleon declared this 
harbor to be one of the finest natura 
harbors in Europe and capable of spit 
did development at minimum expense. 

The numerous harbors and small towns 
along the Adriatic coast of Croatia, as 
shown here, clearly refute the statement 



The statistics of the pre- 
just as clearly that Fiume was never the 
most important port of the states that now 
compose the Jugo Slav kingdom. Croatia 
only used Fiume for 7 per cent of her Im- 
poi-ts and exports, and all of the Jugo 
Slav states, including Serbia, used Fiume 
for only 13 per cent of their combined 
imports and exports. As a port of im- 
portance it is much more necessary to 
I the Islrian peninsula and was used more 
, by that fertile country than by all of Jugo 



^,„ ^._ .__. of the 

during the entire war. Th« sol- 
diers that surrendered when the armiatic* 



Slav 



The matter of future protection is to 
Italy a grave question. The Croatians, 
Bosnians, Slovenes and Herzegovinians 



hat surrendered when the ^^. 

crned immediately becams the Jugo 
imv and are now commanded by 

f"H,i°'a™*.' on''°tl.e'"?r.;:'at Z 
itae o£ Austria', defeat Th, Croatian., 
Bmninn. Slovene! and Herzegoyiniana 
met at Laiboch as late as la.t AuEust. 
aftj.1- the defeat of the Austrians on the 
V- in June and attempted to form « 
nave i' tinadoin with a Hapiburg aa 

a Jujo b luv f;^^«^°.;„.,ti,5 the Jugo Slavs 
kini;. & friendliness or kindly feel- 

have f °Xly-instead they have opposed 
I"" 'fftteWy So far as present indica- 
;H^ """"d lead the Italian., feel that 
turns '"»,"', i„ these Austrian, (who 
Z^IU '&. lands, destroyed the.r 



inflicted the most barbarous cruelties 
the peoples of the invaded territory), is 
that they now call themselves Jugo Slavs 
and propose tx) make of themselves a new 
kinsdom that may menace the peace and 
prosperity of Italy as they did as Aus- 



i for 



Italy has been forced to expend large 
sum. of money for many years in protec- 
tion against the encroachments of Austria 
This monev was thus expended instead ol 
being used for ichool purpoic., and other 
needed improvement, in Italy. It i. hoped 



by Italy that hereafter .he 
natural protection from hi 
her schools and public ' 
suffer development from la 



' hftv« 



will 



lent ha. always been Itali 
are Italian, and when the armistice was 
signed Fiume immediately declared her 
■■self-determination" in keeping with the 
Wilson Fourteen Points, that she would 
becom. a part of Italy 



and Carlopago, beside, numerous smaller 
port, and coastal town.. Below th« Cro- 
atian coast Jugo Slavia ha. even greater 
port, than these, including Maharska. 
Grav.KS Rncusa. Castelnuovo. CattaTO. 
4,uiviiiia. Dulcigno and numerous smaller 
M.pi-t.-; S|,;il.itto. Makar.ska and Ritgusa is 
served by tlie largest railroad in middle 
Jugo Slavjn. 



me iiiieiioi vy ^u..^^.— — wagon i-oads 
and were deemed amply sufficient to the 
needs of the country contigoou. to them 
before the war and. combined, these ports 
of the cast Adriatic cirnat. other than fiume, 
carried 87 per cent of the import, and ex- 
^rii of what 1. now Jugo Slav... Thus 
ill ii clearly shown that Fiunie i. not ti e 
natural port of Jugo Slavia. and that if 
F?,,^.ii given to the Italians, Jugo Slavia 
will not in any .ease of the term be .hut 
mil of tile Adrialic, nor suffer from lack 
of iiorl facilities. 



Lb U ' i^i 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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